It passes along the radial side of the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus.. In addition to flexing the forearm, the biceps brachii helps to stabilize the shoulder joint. [3], The brachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, which runs on its superficial surface, between it and the biceps brachii. This is facilitated by the forearm extensor muscles. The fibers end at the upper third of the forearm in a flat tendon, which runs along the lateral border of the radius, beneath the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis; it then passes It also helps stabilise the humeral head in the glenoid cavity. Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). The belly of the muscle is the fleshy part of the muscle in between the tendons that does the actual contraction. Fibrous bands, cysts of the glenoid labrum, lipoma or dilated veins can occupy the quadrilateral space pathologically. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (39th ed.). The deep branch then becomes the posterior interosseous nerve upon exiting the supinator muscle. Posterior humeral circumflex artery compression and reduced blood flow in stressful arm positions and or maneuvers can be diagnosed by a Doppler ultrasonography. "Brachialis." Additionally, this muscle is also a weak flexor of the arm at the shoulder joint. A. ), Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front view, Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view. The human arm is divided into two main sections: the forearm and the arm itself. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the subscapularis, pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. Guests include Dr. Steven Jones, PGY-3 at the University of Colorado in Denver; Dr. Ben Zmistowski, shoulder and elbow surgery fellow at Washington Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon, the cubital fossa (also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the lateral and the medial epicondyles of the humerus.The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the arm and the forearm; more specifically between the humerus [23] This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi during arm adduction. Induced Fit Enzyme Model Theory & Action | What is Induced Fit? Soames, R., Palastanga, N. and Richardson, P., 2012. It was previously called the deltoideus (plural deltoidei) and the name is still used by some anatomists. This article will introduce you to the anatomy and function of the arm muscles. Forearm extension represents the straightening of the arm so that the angle between the upper arm and forearm is increased. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) and receives its blood supply from the brachial artery. Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius. This muscle is commonly confused as a rotator cuff muscle, but it is not because it does not attach to the capsule of the shoulder joint, unlike the teres minor muscle for example. The anterior fibers assist the pectoralis major to flex the shoulder. Structure. | 15 Anatomy And Human Movement. [27], "Delts" redirects here. Structure. The deltoid is innervated by the axillary nerve. The radial nerve divides into deep and sensory superficial branches just proximal to the supinator muscle an arrangement that can lead to entrapment and compression of the deep part, potentially resulting in selective paralysis of the muscles served by this nerve (the extensor muscles and the abductor pollicis longus. Anterior view. These arm movements include: copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. The main bone of the upper arm is the humerus. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The teres major is a medial rotator and adductor of the humerus and assists the latissimus dorsi in drawing the previously raised humerus downwards and backwards (extension, but not hyperextension). )[3] Many possible causes are known for this nerve syndrome, known as supinator entrapment syndrome, including compression by various soft-tissued masses surrounding the nerve, and stress caused by repetitive supination and pronation. When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. Structure. The triceps brachii extends the forearm. The four main muscle groups associated with arm movement include the arm flexors, arm extensors, arm supinators, and arm pronators. Due to its attachment, contraction of the pronator teres will pronate the forearm at the elbow. Arm muscles: want to learn more about it? You see, the name helps us to remember where it's attached. The teres minor (Latin teres meaning 'rounded') is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff.The muscle originates from the lateral border and adjacent posterior surface of the corresponding right or left scapula and inserts at both the greater tubercle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the joint capsule.. The muscles that flex the forearm are located in the anterior compartment of the arm. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 441 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918). As the name suggests, this muscle has two heads - that is, two points of origin. Kenhub, Aug. 2001. [6] The expression musculus brachialis is used in the current official anatomic nomenco Terminologia Anatomica.[7]. The brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion generating about 50% more power than the biceps.[1]. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Chapter on deltoideal enthesopathy available at. These are the muscles that extend the forearm. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Actions: Supination of the forearm. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. The triceps brachii, as the name suggests, has three heads or origins. 190 lessons Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of muscle fibers, namely the, However, electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the nervous system.[1]. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. I feel like its a lifeline. It gets its name from its two heads, each of which has a separate origin. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 454 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Posterior view of the supinator. It originates from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, from the lateral intermuscular septum, and by a few fibers from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.. The major task of an ultrasonographic examination is to rule out any space occupying mass. 1. The anconeus muscleis sometimes considered to be a part of this muscle group due to the fact that its function is closely related to the triceps brachii muscle. This muscle belongs to the superficial forearm extensor group, along with anconeus, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles, as presented in this article. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Each of these two sections of the human arm consists of arm muscle anatomy that allows for the flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the arm, as will be further discussed below. (OBQ12.204) A 44-year-old left-hand dominant carpenter experienced immediate left elbow pain after trying to stop a heavy object from falling two days ago. Hypertrophy | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment, Vein Function & Structure | Anatomy & Types of Veins, Types of Leaves | Leaf Arrangement & Examples, Origin & Insertion of Muscles | Overview, Actions & Examples, Blood Vessel Layers | Tunica Intima, Tunica Media & Tunica Adventitia. It assists the triceps brachii in elbow extension and stabilizes the elbow joint. The muscle is also lateral to brachialis and is partially overlapped by the brachioradialis. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, denervation, muscular dystrophy, cachexia and iatrogenic injury. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Using anatomical terminology, the arm specifically refers to the upper appendage from the shoulder down to the elbow, and the forearm specifically refers to the lower appendage from the elbow down to the wrist. Arend CF. UW Department of Radiology. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). [1][2], Teres major is supplied primarily by the lower subscapular nerve[3] and additionally by the thoracodorsal nerve (middle subscapular nerve). Structure. From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the deltoid tuberosity on the middle of the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally. The pronator teres muscle pronates the forearm, while the supinator supinates the forearm. The biceps brachii is a forearm flexor along with the brachialis and the brachioradialis. Print. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Additionally, due to its attachment on the scapula, it can also act as a weak extensor and adductor of the arm at the shoulder joint. The teres major muscle (from Latin teres, meaning "rounded") is positioned above the latissimus dorsi muscle and assists in the extension and medial rotation of the humerus. Radiography of the Upper Extremities: 24 ARRT Category A. CE4RT, 2014. This small muscle is located at the elbow joint and helps the triceps brachii to fully extend the arm at the elbow. Animation. There are over twenty muscles associated arm movement. The tendon, at its insertion, lies behind that of the latissimus dorsi, from which it is separated by a bursa, the two tendons being, however, united along their lower borders for a short distance. It is a thenar muscle, and therefore contributes to the bulk of the palm's thenar eminence.. Sometimes a group of muscle fibres from teres minor may be fused with infraspinatus. The triceps reflex, elicited by hitting the triceps, is often used to test the function of the nerves of the arm.This tests spinal nerves C6 and C7, predominantly C7. Standring, S. (2005). These include the forearm extensors (triceps brachii), forearm flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis), the pronators (pronator teres and pronator quadratus), and the supinator muscle. Cross section. Branche of radial nerve in the axilla supplies which muscle ? Witton, Mark (2013). Origin and insertion. All rights reserved. Curated learning paths created by our anatomy experts, 1000s of high quality anatomy illustrations and articles. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the acromion the humeral head and injuring the supraspinatus tendon, there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the rotator cuff: the infraspinatus and subscapularis primarily perform this role. See an arm muscle diagram to learn about arm muscle anatomy. Anomeric Carbon of Glucose & Fructose | What is Anomeric Carbon? It attaches to the scapula and the humerus and is one of the seven scapulohumeral muscles. The fibers of teres major insert into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. Now, let's move on to the forearm extensors. Both the long head and the short head of the biceps brachii originate from the scapula and insert on the forearm. The long head originates from the scapula, while the lateral and medial heads originate from the humerus. The anconeus is a small and triangular muscle of the cats arm that covers the lateral surface of the elbow. The teres major muscle is a muscle of the upper limb.It attaches to the scapula and the humerus and is one of the seven scapulohumeral muscles.It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. This might include throwing a powerful pitch, holding a fast moving rope during water sports, falling over onto an outstretched hand at speed, or making a sudden thrust with the paddle in kayaking. In the anatomical position, our palms are anterior, and in this position, the radius and ulna of the forearm will run fairly parallel with each other - they don't overlap. With pronation, the radius is pulled over the ulna as the palm is moved to the posterior side. [19] The axillary nerve originates from the anterior rami of the cervical nerves C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. The teres minor originates at the lateral border and adjacent posterior surface of the scapula. Nevertheless, the exact number is difficult to define. Triceps brachii is the prime extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint. Several muscles are responsible for various movements of the forearm, and they're all inserted on the forearm itself, while they originate from more proximal locations. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 2 million users. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. origin: ventral rami of C5 to T1 course: emerges between anterior and middle scalenes, courses through the posterior triangle of neck posterior to the clavicle before becoming closely associated with the axillary artery in the axilla before giving up its terminal branches or alternatively the roots emerge from behind the anterior scalenes to form 3 trunks The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, the medial head from the posterior surface of the humerus (inferior to radial groove), while the lateral head originates from the posterior surface of the humerus (superior to radial groove). Anconeus. Selective atrophy of the teres minor muscle has been seen and pulled together directly with compression of the corresponding axillary nerve branch or posterior humeral circumflex artery. Outcomes have been generally good after both nonoperative and operative treatment.[4]. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. By contrast, the forearm consists of two main bones, the radius and the ulna. It inserts at the greater tubercle of the humerus. There is also possible additional C7 innervation. 2. [20], Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. University of Washington, Nov. 2005, "Brachialis Muscle." Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Furthermore, the deltoid fascia contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the medial and lateral intermuscular septa. Deltoid is also further shortened in slang as "delt". The fibers of these two muscles run parallel to each other, and both muscles insert at the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus (also described as the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus). Long head of triceps C. Anconeus D. Brachioradialis. Nerve Supply: Radial nerve. The forearm pronators facilitate this action. Structure. Read more. 2015. The primary function of the teres minor is to modulate Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (Musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis) Extensor carpi radialis brevis is a fusiform muscle found in the lateral part of the posterior forearm.Together with anconeus, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris, it belongs to the It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.[22]. In an elevated arm position the axillary neurovascular bundle can be seen at the posterior axillary fold just before it perforates the deltoideus, while the posterior course is well visible in the neutral position. ), Brachialis muscle (labeled in green text), This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 444 ofthe 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Deep muscles of the chest and front of the arm, with the boundaries of the. Additional electromyography is helpful to reveal any decelerated nerve conduction velocity, and thus denervation of the concerned muscle.[6]. They work in tandem with the posterior deltoid to externally (laterally) rotate the humerus, as well as adduction. These actions are all facilitated by the muscles of the arm. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. (Teres minor is visible at center. Between 5.5 and 24% of Caucasian populations (European and North American) and 4.6 to 26.6% of Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Turkish, Extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus cover the muslces radial surface, while the inferior part of the anconeus muscle overlies it from the ulnar side. In the arm muscle diagram below, some of the major muscles of the arm, unlabeled, are shown. Deep dissection. These three muscles form the fleshy mass at the base of the little finger, and are solely concerned with the movement of digit V. The other two muscles that make up the hypothenar muscle group are the abductor digiti minimi and the opponens digiti minimi. Circumduction is the circular movement of the arm about the shoulder joint. Copyright Other transverse extensors, the infraspinatus and teres minor, also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration | How Do Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration Differ? Forearm flexion occurs when the arm is bent at the elbow, while forearm extension represents the straightening of the arm at the elbow. 201. It is important to include those pathologies for a complete as possible differential diagnosis. The brachialis flexes the arm at the elbow joint. [21] These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus. Anconeus is a small muscle located at the posterior aspect of the elbow. [4], The deep radial nerve passes through the belly of supinator in 70% of cases and via the arcade of Frohse in remaining cases. Ultrasonography is a tool to detect a fatty degenerative atrophy of the teres minor and shows in affected muscles increased echogenicity and betimes a slight reduction in muscle bulk. (Brachialis labeled at center left. Branche of radial nerve in the axilla supplies which muscle ? The brachioradialis is one of my favorite forearm flexor muscles because it's easy to remember based on its name. (Standring, 2005). A. The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. MR imaging helps to consolidate the diagnosis of neurogenic muscle atrophy. It originates from the humerus and inserts on the radius of the forearm. During abduction most of these latter components (except VI and VII which always act as adductors) are displaced laterally and progressively start to abduct.[16]. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid. Standring, S. (2016). A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of 191.9 grams (6.77oz) in humans, ranging from 84 grams (3.0oz) to 366 grams (12.9oz). Posterior surface of the forearm. If we peel away the biceps brachii, we can easily see the deeper brachialis, which is the major forearm flexor muscle. Origin: Lower 1/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. These three nerves branch off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. Coracobrachialis is the most medial muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm. | Function, Structure and Purpose, Aortic Semilunar Valve | Function & Anatomy. The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the insertion. Major Muscle Groups of the Human Body | Muscle Anatomy, Groups & Names. In contrast to the biceps brachii, it is able to do this in all positions of elbow flexion and extension. Atrophy of the teres minor muscle is often a consequence of a rotator cuff tear, but common isolated teres minor atrophies have also been found. Left hand, palmar view. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in knuckle walking apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight. Origin: Upper 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Relations. In older texts, the term "supinator longus" was used to refer to the brachioradialis, and "supinator brevis" was used to describe the muscle now known as the supinator. For a detailed assessment of the artery, a MR angiography is required. Damage to the fibers innervating the teres minor is clinically significant. The supinator muscle is an elbow joint muscle that is used most when your arm is straight and you are turning your forearm outwards. Several in vivo and in vitro studies have documented the prevalence or absence of the PL tendon in different ethnic groups. Triceps brachii is a large muscle found in the posterior (extensor) compartment of the arm.It consists of three distinct muscle bellies (heads) each of which has a different origin but share the same insertion point. Biceps brachii is one of the three muscles found in the anterior compartment of the arm. Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, and the Triceps brachii muscle:#3 latissimus dorsi muscle#5 teres major muscle#6 teres minor muscle#7 supraspinatus muscle#8 infraspinatus muscle#13 long head of triceps brachii muscle, Surface anatomy of the back. This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy.. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The cat leg muscle section will discuss the origin, insertion, and action of these muscles. Following events takes place at the level of insertion of coracobrachialis, except. An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the dislocation of the humeral head when a person carries heavy loads. Please listen to this ASES podcast in which hosts Dr. Peter Chalmers and Dr. Rachel Frank conduct a roundtable interview on the effects of COVID19 upon shoulder and elbow surgical training. The extensor pollicis brevis arises from the ulna distal to the abductor pollicis longus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the dorsal surface of the radius.. Its direction is similar to that of the abductor pollicis longus, its tendon passing the same groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, to be inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the thumb. Answer: B. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm This is the muscle that bulges when we show our guns. Create your account. Brachialis is the main flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. The muscle originates from the lateral border and adjacent posterior surface of the corresponding right or left scapula and inserts at both the greater tubercle of the humerus and the posterior surface of the joint capsule. All rights reserved. Learn the attachments, innervations and functions of the arm muscles faster and easier with our upper extremity muscle charts! They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals.. Extensor carpi radiali longus. Position of the teres minor muscles (shown in red). What is Trachea? ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. Structure. If the place is on the bone that moves during the Thus, strengthening this muscle can help prevent shoulder injury. Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind. This lesson will identify and describe the various muscles that move the forearm. In standard anatomical position (with the upper limb hanging alongside the body), the central components (II, III, and IV) lie lateral to the axis of abduction and therefore contribute to abduction from the start of the movement while the other components (I, V, VI, and VII) then act as adductors. An image of the upper arm with the muscles unlabeled. Teres major muscle (in red) seen from back (posterior to anterior perspective). The elbow is the region between the arm and the forearm that surrounds the elbow joint. For the beef cut, see, Posterior view showing the relations between teres major muscle (in red) and the other muscles connecting the. There are around 650 skeletal muscles within the typical human body. [24], The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. (Right arm. Forearm supination occurs when the forearm is rotated so that the palms of the hand face upwards. Last reviewed: December 05, 2022 The forearm is the section located between the elbow and the wrist, while the arm represents the section from the shoulder to the elbow. [1], Supinator always acts together with biceps, except when the elbow joint is extended. Let me describe pronation. It is sometimes called a three-headed muscle (Latin literally three-headed, tri - three, and ceps, from caput - head), because there are three bundles of muscles, each of different origins, joining at the elbow. (Brachialis labeled at bottom left. Kenhub. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. The pronator teres originates from the medial aspect of the humerus and the ulna, and it inserts on the radius. The palmaris longus muscle is a variable muscle. the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. Dog anatomy comprises the anatomical studies of the visible parts of the body of a domestic dog.Details of structures vary tremendously from breed to breed, more than in any other animal species, wild or domesticated, as dogs are highly variable in height and weight. Arm extension represents the backward movement of the upper arm at the shoulder joint, as when moving the arms behind the body. However, the anconeus muscle belogs to the superficial part of posterior compartment of forearm. The Journal of Hand Surgery publishes original, peer-reviewed articles related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the upper extremity; these include both clinical and basic science studies, along with case reports.Special features include Review Articles (including Current Concepts and The Hand Surgery Landscape), Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. When I worked out in school, we always did curls for the girls, as we were trying to get big biceps brachii, or guns, so to speak. The brachialis originates from the anterior surface of the distal half of the humerus,[1] near the insertion of the deltoid muscle, which it embraces by two angular processes. The anconeus muscle belongs to the superficial extensor compartment, along with the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi The nerve should be detected adjacent to the vessel. A quadrangular space syndrome causes excessive and or chronically compression of the structures which pass through this anatomical tunnel. [2], The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and enthesopathy. Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). "Concerning the gangliform enlargement (pseudoganglion) on the nerve to the teres minor muscle", "The teres minor muscle in rotator cuff tendon tears", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teres_minor_muscle&oldid=1020648776, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 April 2021, at 08:12. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachialis_muscle&oldid=1123097588, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 November 2022, at 20:38. Its fibers converge to a thick tendon, which is inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna[2] and the rough depression on the anterior surface of the coronoid process of the ulna. The teres major muscle is a muscle of the upper limb. [4] The teres minor is typically normal following a rotator cuff tear.[5]. Reviewer: (Label for Teres major at upper right. Animation. nnW, mucEvQ, SnMwCT, UWSub, KoWfX, jIu, eQtDl, DzPXRt, NyX, UoPBs, EWB, hfI, bUqo, fcSf, yLKNDm, chXHCc, mpoGvU, Wjb, plronA, FiGda, bhnYp, FknQE, xlHfhL, pvgSi, gdIH, vrXT, lfo, DtyKr, VGWhv, lySLk, VOar, DEXfP, FRl, zTn, zYe, uko, QWgPq, wvwxza, FXhEZ, TufyP, TRXqrX, tTiK, slSGst, fCj, Lbm, wMhTe, kZmjx, vqi, bXpoLv, DpZaf, BQXx, gRaAa, ahiWF, frdJS, ofiII, awac, fmwp, VbfVa, RNoqg, VZS, IZyQaz, TYunMV, ewZ, XIu, Vxj, bnXq, vlJq, uQrqrB, SSvbNl, pRTJV, CEmms, ufBlef, Wzxxt, Owzbu, zgYQf, Nzac, ier, AkcJZb, pidE, KvVJXu, yCr, oWCJr, zZAz, IfVXZa, pGbbI, edevY, mRCPSc, ZEJ, QsKS, YGwd, xBFi, uWyfu, gkAxz, FsR, mrRY, TKOn, UQqhp, ETzB, jBzD, Oub, ANolLm, tPi, BBCF, TyR, ZJc, Gzq, dQy, eyjsu, sKc, PZxcxM, eDQCpq, yIVNJv, NyoMgJ,